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Blood Tests May Predict Dementia Risk Decades Before Symptoms, UVM Study Finds

Blood Tests May Predict Dementia Risk Decades Before Symptoms, UVM Study Finds

Researchers at the University of Vermont analyzed a subset of the REGARDS cohort and found that three blood biomarkers — NfL, GFAP and UCH-L1 — predicted later memory problems over roughly 12 years. The results suggest that blood tests could identify dementia risk decades before symptoms emerge. Early detection could guide preventive lifestyle changes and future treatments, but the tests require further validation before clinical use.

New blood tests can identify tiny proteins released from damaged brain cells and may predict a person’s risk of developing memory problems or dementia years — even decades — before symptoms appear, according to researchers at the University of Vermont.

Study details

The analysis used a subset of participants from the long-running Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, which has followed 30,239 Black and White adults since 2003 to investigate factors linked to stroke and cognitive decline. Researchers measured four blood-based biomarkers in participants who had no cognitive impairment at baseline and tracked them for about 12 years.

Key biomarkers

  • Neurofilament light chain (NfL) — a marker of neuronal injury.
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) — associated with astrocyte activation and brain inflammation.
  • Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) — linked to neuronal health and protein clearance.

These three markers performed well in predicting which participants later developed memory problems. A fourth blood marker tested in the study showed less predictive value.

Why this matters

Early identification of people at higher risk could allow clinicians and patients to begin prevention efforts sooner, including lifestyle interventions such as regular physical activity, a nutritious diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, controlling blood pressure, and maintaining mental and social engagement. These measures are supported by evidence showing they reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

Limitations and next steps

While results are promising, blood biomarkers are not yet definitive diagnostic tests for dementia. The findings need replication in larger and more diverse populations, assessment in younger age groups, and validation before being implemented in routine clinical practice. Researchers also plan to search for additional markers and determine how best to combine biomarkers with imaging and other tools for the most accurate risk assessment.

Reported by Beth McDermott. Study published in the journal Neurology.

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Blood Tests May Predict Dementia Risk Decades Before Symptoms, UVM Study Finds - CRBC News